What Is a Cyst? Meaning, Types, Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment

What Is the Meaning of a Cyst?

In terms of fertility, a cyst is a sac filled with fluid that develops in or on the ovaries. These are typically harmless, non-cancerous, and painless. However, certain types of cysts can affect fertility by altering the natural environment of the uterus and eventually disrupting ovulation. This causes damage to ovarian tissue or changes in hormone levels. Some of the most common examples of such cysts include endometriomas, dermoids, and those related to PCOS.

What are the Types of Ovarian Cysts?

Ovarian cysts can be classified based on how they develop and affect fertility and standard uterine function.

Functional Ovarian Cysts

These occur as part of the normal menstrual cycle and usually don't affect fertility or other bodily functions. Such cysts generally resolve without any intervention within a few months. There are two categories of functional cysts:

Follicular cysts :

These occur when a follicle does not release an egg (as it normally does) at mid menstrual cycle and instead fills with fluid.

Corpus luteum cysts :

These cysts form after the egg is released and, if the corpus luteum does not dissolve, it fills with fluid and becomes a cyst.

Other Ovarian Cysts:

It is important to recognise that not all cysts are linked to the menstrual cycle; some cysts may need to be evaluated to prevent problems:

Cystadenomas :

Cysts formed on the ovary's surface, containing either thin or thick fluid, are known as cystadenomas.

Dermoid Cysts (Teratomas) :

These are the non-cancerous cysts that usually contain tissue, including hair, skin, and teeth.

Endometriomas :

These cysts, filled with menstrual blood, are usually associated with endometriosis.

Who Can Get Ovarian Cysts?

Any woman of reproductive age can get ovarian cysts, but some are more prone to this issue depending on several factors, which include:

• Women between the ages of 20 and 40, more likely before menopause, are prone to cysts.
• Women with a previous history of ovarian cysts.
• Irregular hormonal levels due to PCOS or any other uterine issue can also lead to the formation of cysts.
• Women suffering from endometriosis, a condition of overgrowth of uterine tissue outside the uterus, have a higher risk of cyst formation.
• Pregnant women are more likely to form corpus luteum cysts.
• Fertility medications can also alter the natural function of the uterus, eventually causing cysts.

Diagnostic Methods for Cysts

Diagnosis is the sole criterion for determining the type, cause, and potential impact on fertility. The primary method used to diagnose a cyst is a pelvic exam, done by feeling for lumps or cell formation in the cyst. Then, for confirmation, your healthcare provider may use any one or both of the following methods:

• Ultrasound : An imaging test is done to look for the location, size, and type of ovarian cyst. It also detects whether the cysts are in fluid or solid form.
• Laparoscopy : Laparoscopy is a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. It includes insertion of a small camera via your abdomen to monitor your pelvic region and, if required, remove the cysts as well.

Early diagnosis can be a major turnaround for the treatment of ovarian cysts; therefore, it is suggested to always stay alert for the symptoms of these cysts.

Treatment Options for Ovarian Cysts

There are multiple options for ovarian cyst treatment, which largely depend on the type, size, and symptoms. These can be divided into three major categories, including:

• Stay Watchful : This is the first treatment approach for most types of cysts. This is based on careful monitoring of cysts via monthly ultrasound. Most functional cysts resolve on their own, but some may grow larger and require other treatments.
• Medications : Next solution for cysts includes birth-control medications to stop ovulation for a few months, and eventually stop the formation of new cysts.
• Surgical Removal : For serious cases of cysts or for bigger cysts, surgery remains the only option. The two types of surgeries used are:
  • Laparoscopy : A minimally invasive surgical technique to excise cystic structures while saving the ovary.
  • Laparotomy : This is an open surgical technique for larger, complex cysts or cysts that may be cancerous.

What Happens if Cysts are Left Untreated?

Most cysts disappear on their own when left untreated, but not all! Those “some” can lead to serious complications and even infertility. Larger or persistent cysts can lead to pelvic pain, bloating, or pressure. Cysts can also rupture, which can cause sudden and severe pain, along with internal bleeding. A twisted cyst (ovarian torsion) can cut off blood supply to the ovary, which can result in emergencies and the possibility of losing the ability to become pregnant. In rare situations, untreated cysts can grow or become cancerous, especially if you are postmenopausal.

Can Ovarian Cysts be Prevented?

As many ovarian cyst formations are part of a natural process, ovulation prevention may not always be possible. However, achieving hormonal balance and early detection can greatly support ovarian health. Scheduling regular gynaecological appointments, tracking your menstrual cycles, and using hormonal (if prescribed) birth control methods can lower the risk of developing functional cysts. Maintaining good health through a nutritious diet, exercise, and managing stress is also more supportive of ovarian health.

When to See a Doctor?

Even though many cysts are asymptomatic and harmless, many can get serious and show some severe symptoms. Take immediate medical help if you experience:

• Continuous or acute pelvic pain
• Pain during sex or urination
• Irregular or missed periods
• Difficulty getting pregnant

Conclusion

Finally, we can say that ovarian cysts are benign and resolve on their own, although some cysts may indicate hormonal or reproductive issues occurring deeper beneath the surface. Early identification of symptoms and timely access to treatment can help prevent a range of complications. Routine examinations, hormonal balance, and lifestyle factors contribute to positive ovarian health. The majority of women with the right education, diagnosis, and approach will be able to manage their cysts appropriately and continue to live a healthy, fertile life.