PCOD vs PCOS: Key Differences, Symptoms, and Treatments
Reviewed by Dr. Kranthirmai Eluru
Gynaecologist & IVF Specialist
MBBS, MS
7+ Years of Experience
Expert Verified
How is this page expert verified?
This information has been reviewed and approved by an experienced fertility specialist at Indira IVF to provide accurate and up-to-date guidance for our readers.
Overview
PCOD and PCOS are terms commonly used when discussing ovarian and hormonal health. PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) is a recognised hormonal and metabolic condition that can affect menstrual cycles, ovulation, and fertility. PCOD (Polycystic Ovarian Disease) is a commonly used term, particularly in India, but it is not consistently defined as a separate clinical diagnosis. The symptoms, evaluation, and treatment depend on each individual's health. This guide explains the differences between PCOD and PCOS, their common symptoms, diagnostic methods, treatment options, and potential effects on fertility.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Irregular periods, sudden acne, unexplained weight changes or unwanted facial hair can leave many women wondering what is happening inside their bodies. A quick internet search often brings up two terms: PCOD and PCOS. But are they actually different? Understanding PCOD vs PCOS can be confusing, especially when both names are used for similar symptoms.
Although these terms are often used interchangeably, PCOS is a medically recognised condition. This blog helps you learn about the PCOS and PCOD difference, their shared symptoms, and the methods for treating them - so you can take steps for your health and fertility.
What is PCOD?
PCOD is a commonly used term in India to describe ovarian and hormonal concerns. However, it is not consistently recognised as a separate clinical diagnosis in major international medical guidelines. The term is often used interchangeably with PCOS, a recognised hormonal condition that can affect menstrual cycles, ovulation, and fertility. TheWorld Health Organization (WHO) identifies PCOS as a common cause of infertility. Neither condition should be attributed solely to diet, lack of exercise, or stress. A fertility specialist can assess symptoms, identify possible underlying causes, and recommend appropriate management based on individual needs.
- PCOD is more common than PCOS.
- It is generally thought to be less serious and easier to manage.
- Women who have PCOD usually have normal ovulation and can naturally get pregnant after making lifestyle changes.
PCOD is mainly caused by lifestyle factors such as a poor diet, lack of exercise, and stress.
What is PCOS?
PCOS stands for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. It is a common hormonal condition that may involve higher-than-usual androgen levels, irregular or absent ovulation, and changes in the appearance of the ovaries. Symptoms vary: not everyone with PCOS has every symptom, and not everyone with PCOS has ovarian changes visible on ultrasound.
- PCOS is a more complex and chronic condition.
- It often results in irregular or absent ovulation.
- Women who have PCOS can have pregnancy issues and have an increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, endometrial cancer, etc.
PCOS symptoms can be more severe than PCOD and typically require long-term management.
While reading about PCOS, you may also come across the term PMOS (Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome). This is the new name for PCOS, introduced to better reflect the condition's hormonal and metabolic nature. Learn more about why PCOS was renamed PMOS.
Key Differences Between PCOD and PCOS
To understand the difference between PCOD and PCOS, it is important to distinguish between a commonly used term and a recognised clinical diagnosis.
|
Feature |
PCOD |
PCOS |
|
Full Form |
Polycystic Ovarian Disease |
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome |
|
Severity |
Generally, less severe and more responsive to lifestyle changes |
More complex, requiring long-term medical management |
|
Egg Release |
Eggs are released irregularly, but ovulation still occurs. |
Ovulation is often absent, reducing the chances of natural conception |
|
Fertility Impact |
Fertility may not be affected significantly in most cases. |
Causes infertility due to hormonal and metabolic issues. |
|
Hormonal Imbalance |
Hormonal imbalance is mild and manageable |
More pronounced, especially with elevated androgen levels. |
|
Weight Gain |
Less common and often mild. |
More common and typically around the abdomen. |
|
Associated Conditions |
Rarely associated with serious health risks. |
Increases the risk of diabetes, heart disease, and insulin resistance. |
Know more about - Types of PCOS
Common Symptoms of PCOD and PCOS
It is important to identify the signs of PCOD and PCOS so that you can receive treatment promptly and effectively. While they both affect the ovaries, the consequences can vary significantly from mild to severe. Below are the criteria to help decode the differences between PCOD and PCOS.
PCOD Symptoms
- Irregular Periods: Periods may be delayed or unpredictable.
- Mild Acne or Oily Skin: Caused by slight hormonal imbalances.
- Weight Fluctuations: Weight may vary, but is generally manageable.
- Cysts in Ovaries: On ultrasound, multiple immature follicles can often be seen.
PCOS Symptoms
- Irregular or Missed Periods: Often linked to a lack of ovulation.
- Excessive Facial/Body Hair (Hirsutism): Due to elevated androgens.
- Severe Acne: Hard to control and keeps coming back.
- Hair Thinning or Hair Loss: Especially at the crown or front of the scalp.
- Weight Gain: Especially around the belly area.
- Difficulty Conceiving: A common concern needing PCOS treatment.
A doctor might be able to help you better control your symptoms if they are detected early. Consult a doctor to determine the best course of action for treating PCOD or PCOS.
Can PCOD or PCOS Affect Fertility and Pregnancy?
Yes, PCOD and PCOS can be associated with fertility challenges, particularly when hormonal changes affect ovulation. However, having either label does not automatically mean a woman will experience infertility. The effect on fertility depends on ovulation patterns, age, other reproductive health factors, and individual medical history.
In PCOS, irregular or absent ovulation can make conception more difficult. Some women with PCOS conceive naturally, while others may benefit from medical treatment to support ovulation or fertility.
During pregnancy, PCOS is associated with an increased risk of certain complications, including gestational diabetes, high blood pressure, and pre-eclampsia. These risks vary between individuals and do not mean complications are inevitable.
Women planning a pregnancy can consult a gynaecologist or fertility specialist for an assessment of menstrual cycles, ovulation, and other relevant health factors. Depending on individual needs, management may include lifestyle support, treatment of underlying metabolic concerns, ovulation-induction medication, or assisted reproductive techniques.
Causes and Risk Factors
PCOD Causes
- Hormonal imbalance: Hormonal alterations, such as estrogen and progesterone, lead to the irregular release of eggs.
- Poor diet and lifestyle: Ovarian dysfunction can result from a diet that is high in processed foods and a lack of physical activity.
- Genetic predisposition: The likelihood of getting PCOD is increased by a family history of the disorder.
PCOS Causes
- Insulin resistance: Cells are not responsive to insulin; therefore, there is excessive insulin and androgen production.
- High androgen levels: An increase in male hormones will prevent proper ovulation and may cause acne and unwanted hair.
- Genetics and obesity: The hormonal imbalance and metabolic state will be worsened by inherited genes and extra body fat.
Both conditions are influenced by a mix of genetic, hormonal, and lifestyle factors, but PCOS tends to involve more complex metabolic issues.
What Are the Possible Long-Term Health Risks of PCOS?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) can affect more than menstrual cycles and fertility. It is associated with hormonal and metabolic changes that may increase the risk of certain long-term health conditions. However, not everyone with PCOS develops these complications, and individual risks vary.
The possible long-term health risks include:
- Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes: Insulin resistance is common in PCOS and can increase the risk of developing impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes.
- High Blood Pressure and Cholesterol Abnormalities: Some women with PCOS have a higher likelihood of developing high blood pressure or unfavourable cholesterol levels, which are important cardiovascular risk factors.
- Endometrial Hyperplasia and Endometrial Cancer: Infrequent periods or prolonged absence of ovulation may expose the uterine lining to the effects of oestrogen without sufficient progesterone. Over time, this can increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer.
- Sleep Apnoea: PCOS is associated with an increased risk of obstructive sleep apnoea, particularly in women who also have excess weight or other relevant risk factors.
- Mental Health Concerns: Anxiety, depression, and concerns about body image or fertility can affect women living with PCOS. Emotional well-being is an important part of overall care.
- Pregnancy-Related Complications: Women with PCOS may have an increased risk of gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. Appropriate antenatal care can help monitor and manage these risks.
How can these risks be managed?
Regular medical follow-ups, appropriate blood pressure and glucose assessment, a balanced diet, physical activity, adequate sleep, and treatment tailored to individual symptoms can help manage PCOS and its associated risks. A healthcare professional can recommend suitable monitoring based on personal and family medical history.
Diagnosis of PCOD and PCOS
If you are researching PCOS vs PCOD, it is important to know that diagnosis involves more than a single blood test or ultrasound scan. A gynaecologist may review menstrual patterns, symptoms such as acne or excess facial hair, medical history, and relevant test results. The gynaecologist will also want to know the medical history, current eating and drinking habits, and if the woman is taking any prescription or over-the-counter medications, and/or supplements, including vitamins.
To diagnose a woman for PCOD or PCOS, a gynaecologist will consider:
- Medical history: Review of menstrual irregularities, weight changes, acne, and excessive hair growth.
- Physical examination: Checking BMI status and skin/hair condition.
- Blood tests: To measure hormone levels (testosterone, LH, FSH, insulin).
- Ultrasound scan: To assess for cysts and the size of the ovaries.
- Pelvic exam: May be performed to rule out or exclude other possibilities.
A diagnosis is important because it allows the woman to seek timely treatment of PCOD or PCOS, and can help prevent long-term implications.
Know more about PCOS/PCOD Do’s and Don’ts
Treatment and Management Options
Lifestyle Changes
The most important line of defence for both conditions is leading a healthy lifestyle.
Healthy eating and regular physical activity are important aspects of PCOS management. A 2023 international evidence-based guideline published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism highlights that lifestyle management can support metabolic health, with benefits possible even without weight loss
Medical Treatments
Treatment cases vary based on symptoms, goals for fertility, and the severity of symptoms:
- Birth control pills to regulate periods: Oral contraceptives control menstrual cycle irregularities and can help reduce excess hair and acne.
- Anti-androgen medications: These medications will reduce any male hormone levels, which will also help manage hirsutism and thinning hair.
- Metformin for insulin resistance: Certain medications used in treating PCOS improve your insulin sensitivity while possibly restoring your ovulation.
- Fertility treatments for planning pregnancy: Medications or assisted reproductive techniques can help women with PCOD or PCOS become pregnant.
- Ovarian drilling or laparoscopic procedures: Rarely recommended, only in resistant PCOS cases.
Whether it’s PCOD treatment or PCOS treatment, it must be customised for the individual.
Know more about - PCOD Pregnancy - Getting Pregnant with PCOD
Conclusion
Recognising the differences between PCOD and PCOS is your first step to managing your reproductive and overall health. The primary difference between PCOD and PCOS is in their severity, risk factors, and health risks. The good news is that with proper diagnosis and a combination of lifestyle choices and medical interventions, both PCOD and PCOS are manageable, especially with timely intervention.
Other Helpful Blogs
- Metformin In Pregnancy
- Endometriosis vs PCOS
- Pregnancy With Cysts
- Reduce High FSH
- Thyroid Miscarriage
References
- World Health Organization (WHO).Polycystic ovary syndrome.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/ - PMC- A 2023 international evidence-based guideline published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Common Questions Asked
Can PCOD Turn Into PCOS?
It is not consistently defined as a separate clinical diagnosis that progresses into PCOS. If symptoms such as irregular periods, acne, or excess facial hair develop or worsen, consult a gynaecologist for an appropriate assessment.
Which Is More Serious - PCOD or PCOS?
PCOS is a recognised clinical syndrome associated with reproductive and metabolic concerns, while PCOD is not consistently defined as a separate diagnosis. The seriousness of an individual's symptoms and health risks depends on their medical assessment.
Can I Get Pregnant if I Have PCOD or PCOS?
Yes, many women with PCOS can become pregnant naturally or with appropriate fertility treatment. PCOS can affect ovulation, which may make conception more difficult for some women. The chances of pregnancy depend on factors such as age, ovulation, and other reproductive health conditions.
How Is PCOD Diagnosed?
Because PCOD is not consistently defined as a separate clinical diagnosis, a healthcare professional will assess symptoms and investigate possible underlying causes.
Are PCOD and PCOS Permanent Conditions?
Symptoms may change over time, and treatment can help regulate menstrual cycles, manage excess androgen-related symptoms, address metabolic risks, or support fertility. Since PCOD is not consistently defined as a separate diagnosis, its long-term course depends on the underlying condition.
How Can I Control PCOS Symptoms?
PCOS symptoms can often be managed through an individualised treatment plan. Depending on symptoms and health goals, management may include regular physical activity, a balanced diet, appropriate sleep, medication to regulate menstrual cycles, treatment for acne or excess hair growth.
What Is the PCOD Diet Chart for Weight Loss?
A balanced eating pattern that includes vegetables, fruits, whole grains, pulses, protein-rich foods, and healthy fats can support overall health. Limiting excessive intake of highly processed foods and sugar-sweetened drinks may also be helpful. Weight management should be individualised, and restrictive diets are not necessary for everyone.
What Is the Best Treatment for PCOS?
Treatment depends on symptoms, medical history, and whether the person is planning a pregnancy. Options may include lifestyle support, hormonal contraceptives for menstrual irregularities or androgen-related symptoms, medication for metabolic concerns, and ovulation-induction treatment for women experiencing difficulty conceiving.
