Infertility is defined as, when a couple fails to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse. Amongst this, around 30-35% cases are due to female infertility, in 35% of cases male factor is responsible, 20% cases are due to combined causes and 10% are due to unexplained causes.
The main function of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm and testosterone, but some other underlying mechanisms are far more complex and yet to be completely understood. Disruption of male fertility may be reflected by impaired sperm parameters through multivariate factors at different levels. Causes of infertility in male may be at the pretesticular or neuroendocrine regulatory levels, intratesticular sites, affecting the functions of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and germ cells, or at the post testicular level, impairing sperm maturation and transport. Also, in some cases, male reproductive immunological factors, as well as reproductive genetics modulations, may also be responsible. Hence, proper evaluation of male infertility at different levels is of utmost importance for its effective management, so that targeted treatment to specific male factors according to the causes of infertility in male, can be given.
The main sign of male infertility is the inability to conceive a child. There may be no other obvious signs or symptoms.
In some cases, however, an underlying problem such as an inherited disorder, hormonal imbalance, dilated veins around the testicle or a condition that blocks the passage of sperm causes signs and symptoms. Signs and symptoms you may notice include:
After the basic evaluation of male partner, we need to establish the male infertility causes so that treatment can be individualized, and the causative factor can be treated. Most of the male factor infertility is idiopathic. The list of known factors is divided into four major categories:
These four categories may fall under either medical, environmental or lifestyle causes. Let’s see them in detail.
Medical causes
Problems with male fertility can be caused by several health issues and medical treatments:
Environmental Causes
Overexposure to certain environmental elements such as heat, toxins and chemicals can reduce sperm production or sperm function.
These include industrial chemicals like pesticides, herbicides, solvents, paint material or heavy metal or radiation exposure may also lead to low sperm count.
Health, Lifestyle, and Other Causes
Lifestyle and conditions caused due to lifestyle changes contribute greatly to infertility in men.
Excessive use of drugs like anabolic steroids or other illicit drugs can bring about infertility. Excess use of alcohol or smoking may also cause erectile dysfunction or lower the sperm count.
Obesity can impair fertility in many ways. A stationary lifestyle, wearing tight clothes may increase the temperature in your scrotum and may slightly reduce sperm production.
Male infertility is generally detected very late and by then men have already formed many habits that are difficult to let go of. But, here are a few things you can avoid or follow to ensure you don’t have to face any such issues later in life.
The treatment of male infertility involves helping your partner get pregnant. This may be through:
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